Part 1: Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

These three parts of speech are fundamental to constructing clear and grammatically correct sentences. Understanding their types, functions, and specific rules is crucial for competitive exams.

1. Nouns (संज्ञा)

Definition (परिभाषा): Nouns are words that name a person, place, thing, idea, quality, or action.

(संज्ञा वे शब्द हैं जो किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, विचार, गुण या क्रिया का नाम बताते हैं।)

Types of Nouns (संज्ञा के प्रकार):

1. Proper Noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा):
• Definition: Names a specific person, place, organization, or thing. Always capitalized.
• Explanation (English): Used for unique identities.
• Explanation (Hindi): किसी विशिष्ट व्यक्ति, स्थान, संगठन या वस्तु का नाम। हमेशा बड़े अक्षरों में शुरू होता है।
• Examples: India, Delhi, Narendra Modi, The Times of India, Mount Everest.
• Rule: Generally, no article (a, an, the) is used before Proper Nouns, unless they are used to generalize, specify, or when referring to a specific instance of something.
• Correct: Delhi is the capital of India. (दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।)
• Wrong: The Delhi is the capital of India. (दिल्ली भारत की राजधानी है।)
• Correct (exception): He is the Shakespeare of our age. (वह हमारे युग का शेक्सपियर है - तुलना के लिए।)

 

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1. Common Noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा):
• Definition: Names a general person, place, thing, or idea. Not capitalized unless it begins a sentence.
• Explanation (English): Refers to a class or type of item.
• Explanation (Hindi): किसी सामान्य व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु या विचार का नाम। वाक्य के शुरू में होने पर ही बड़ा अक्षर होता है।
• Examples: boy, city, book, country, river, student, teacher.
• Rule: Can be singular or plural. Can take articles (a, an, the).
• Correct: A boy is playing. (एक लड़का खेल रहा है।)
• Correct: Many cities are polluted. (कई शहर प्रदूषित हैं।)
2. Collective Noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा):
• Definition: Names a group of people, animals, or things.
• Explanation (English): Represents a collection as a single unit.
• Explanation (Hindi): व्यक्तियों, जानवरों या वस्तुओं के समूह का नाम।
• Examples: team, committee, army, flock, family, jury, audience, herd.
• Key Rules (Subject-Verb Agreement):
• Rule A (Singular Verb): When the group acts as a single, unified entity.
• Correct: The committee has submitted its report. (समिति ने अपनी रिपोर्ट प्रस्तुत कर दी है।)
• Explanation: The committee is acting as one unit.
• Sentence Structure: Collective Noun (singular concept) + Singular Verb.
• Rule B (Plural Verb): When the individual members of the group are acting separately or are in disagreement.
• Correct: The jury are divided in their opinions. (जूरी अपनी राय में विभाजित है।)
• Explanation: The members of the jury are acting individually, hence the plural verb.
• Sentence Structure: Collective Noun (plural concept) + Plural Verb.
• Wrong (for Rule B): The jury is divided in their opinions. (जूरी अपनी राय में विभाजित है।)

 

1. Material Noun (द्रव्यवाचक संज्ञा):
• Definition: Names the substance or material from which things are made.
• Explanation (English): Refers to raw materials.
• Explanation (Hindi): उस पदार्थ या सामग्री का नाम जिससे चीजें बनी होती हैं।
• Examples: gold, silver, wood, water, milk, cotton, iron.
• Key Rules:
• Rule A: Generally uncountable, so they take singular verbs and do not take 'a' or 'an'.
• Correct: Gold is a precious metal. (सोना एक कीमती धातु है।)
• Wrong: A gold is a precious metal. (एक सोना एक कीमती धातु है।)
• Rule B: When used to refer to specific items made of the material, they can become countable.
• Correct: I need a wood for the fire. (मुझे आग के लिए लकड़ी चाहिए - 'a piece of wood' के अर्थ में।)
• Correct: He ordered some waters. (उसने कुछ पानी का ऑर्डर दिया - 'some bottles/glasses of water' के अर्थ में।)

 

 

 

 

1. Abstract Noun (भाववाचक संज्ञा):
• Definition: Names an idea, quality, feeling, or state that cannot be physically touched or seen.
• Explanation (English): Refers to concepts rather than concrete objects.
• Explanation (Hindi): किसी विचार, गुण, भावना या स्थिति का नाम जिसे शारीरिक रूप से छुआ या देखा नहीं जा सकता।
• Examples: happiness, freedom, bravery, knowledge, honesty, kindness, childhood, poverty.
• Key Rules:
• Rule A: Generally uncountable, so they take singular verbs and do not take 'a' or 'an'.
• Correct: Honesty is the best policy. (ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।)
• Wrong: An honesty is the best policy. (एक ईमानदारी सबसे अच्छी नीति है।)
• Rule B: Can be used with 'the' or become plural when referring to a specific instance or type of the quality/idea.
• Correct: The bravery of the soldiers was commendable. (सैनिकों की बहादुरी सराहनीय थी।)
• Correct: He performed great kindnesses throughout his life. (उसने अपने जीवन भर बहुत दयालुता के कार्य किए।)

 

                                                                      

 

 

Special Rules for Nouns in Competitive Exams:

• Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns Revisited:
• Uncountable Nouns often tested: advice, information, furniture, luggage, baggage, news, poetry, machinery, stationery, bread, work, money, traffic, knowledge, progress, equipment, scenery, weather, evidence, food, dirt, dust, research, beauty, fun, garbage, honesty, health, wisdom.
• These nouns never take 'a'/'an', are never made plural (e.g., 'informations'), and always take a singular verb.
• Correct: The furniture is new. (फर्नीचर नया है।)
• Wrong: The furnitures are new. (फर्नीचर नया हैं।)
• Correct: I received much information. (मुझे बहुत जानकारी मिली।)
• Wrong: I received many informations. (मुझे कई जानकारियाँ मिलीं।)
• To quantify uncountable nouns: Use words like a piece of, a lot of, much, some, a bit of.
• Correct: Give me a piece of advice. (मुझे एक सलाह दो।)
• Wrong: Give me an advice. (मुझे एक सलाह दो।)

 

 

 

                                                                  

 

 

 

• Nouns Always Plural:
• Some nouns are always used in plural form and take a plural verb. They often refer to items with two parts, or collections.
• Examples: scissors, spectacles/goggles, trousers/pants, pajamas, shorts, alms, assets, goods, riches, proceeds, thanks, premises, police, cattle, people, vermin, gentry, outskirts, savings.
• Rule: They take a plural verb. If you want to refer to a single item from these, use "a pair of..."
• Correct: My scissors are sharp. (मेरी कैंची तेज है।)
• Wrong: My scissor is sharp. (मेरी कैंची तेज है।)
• Correct: The police have arrived. (पुलिस आ गई है।)
• Wrong: The police has arrived. (पुलिस आ गई है।)

 

• Nouns Singular in Form but Plural in Meaning (and take plural verb):
• These look singular but imply a group and take plural verbs.
• Examples: cattle, gentry, vermin, peasantry, people, police.
• Correct: Cattle are grazing in the field. (मवेशी खेत में चर रहे हैं।)
• Wrong: Cattle is grazing in the field. (मवेशी खेत में चर रहा है।)
• Note: 'People' is usually plural (meaning 'human beings'). 'Peoples' is used to refer to 'different races or ethnic groups'.
• Correct: Many people attended the event. (कई लोगों ने कार्यक्रम में भाग लिया।)
• Correct: The peoples of Asia are diverse. (एशिया के लोग विविध हैं।)

• Nouns that look plural but are singular (and take singular verb):
• Examples: news, physics, economics, mathematics, athletics, politics, measles, mumps, summons, innings.
• Rule: These are singular despite ending in 's'.
• Correct: News is spreading fast. (खबर तेजी से फैल रही है।)
• Wrong: News are spreading fast. (खबरें तेजी से फैल रही हैं।)
• Correct: Mathematics is my favorite subject. (गणित मेरा पसंदीदा विषय है।)
• Wrong: Mathematics are my favorite subject. (गणित मेरे पसंदीदा विषय हैं।)

 

 

• Hyphenated Nouns:
• When a number and a noun are hyphenated and act as an adjective before another noun, the noun in the hyphenated phrase is always singular.
• Correct: a ten-year old boy. (एक दस साल का लड़का।)
• Wrong: a ten-years old boy. (एक दस साल का लड़का।)
• Correct: a five-star hotel. (एक पांच सितारा होटल।)
• Wrong: a five-stars hotel. (एक पांच सितारे होटल।)
• Apostrophe for Possession (Possessive Nouns):
• Singular Nouns: Add 's. (e.g., boy's, girl's, man's).
• Correct: This is John's book. (यह जॉन की किताब है।)
• Plural Nouns ending in -s: Add only an apostrophe. (e.g., boys', girls', parents').
• Correct: These are the boys' toys. (ये लड़कों के खिलौने हैं।)
• Plural Nouns not ending in -s: Add 's. (e.g., men's, children's, women's).
• Correct: This is the children's playground. (यह बच्चों का खेल का मैदान है।)
• For inanimate objects: Generally avoid 's, use 'of the'.
• Correct: The legs of the table. (मेज के पैर।)
• Wrong: The table's legs. (मेज के पैर।)
• Exception: When personified (e.g., nature's beauty, at death's door) or for time/space (e.g., a day's leave, at an arm's length).

 

1. Pronouns (सर्वनाम)

Definition (परिभाषा): Pronouns are words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition and make sentences smoother.

(सर्वनाम वे शब्द हैं जो संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयोग होते हैं ताकि दोहराव से बचा जा सके और वाक्य को अधिक सुचारू बनाया जा सके।)

Types of Pronouns (सर्वनाम के प्रकार) & Key Rules:

1. Personal Pronouns (पुरुषवाचक सर्वनाम):
• Definition: Refer to specific people or things. They change form based on case (subjective, objective, possessive), number, and gender.
• Explanation (English): Stand in for nouns in different grammatical roles.
• Explanation (Hindi): विशिष्ट व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं को संदर्भित करते हैं। ये कारक (कर्ता, कर्म, संबंध), वचन और लिंग के आधार पर अपना रूप बदलते हैं।
• Cases:
• Subjective Case (कर्ता कारक): Performs the action (I, we, you, he, she, it, they).
• Rule: Used as the subject of a verb. Also used after the verb "to be" (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been).
• Correct: She went to the market. (वह बाजार गई।)
• Correct: It was he who knocked. (वह वही था जिसने खटखटाया।)
• Wrong: It was him who knocked. (वह वही था जिसने खटखटाया।)
• Objective Case (कर्म कारक): Receives the action or is the object of a preposition (me, us, you, him, her, it, them).
• Rule: Used as the object of a verb or a preposition.
• Correct: The gift is for him. (उपहार उसके लिए है।)
• Wrong: The gift is for he. (उपहार उसके लिए है।)
• Correct: She saw them. (उसने उन्हें देखा।)
• Wrong: She saw they. (उसने उन्हें देखा।)
• Pronoun Agreement: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the noun it refers to) in number and gender.
• Correct: Each student should bring his/her own lunch. (प्रत्येक छात्र को अपना दोपहर का भोजन लाना चाहिए।)
• Wrong: Each student should bring their own lunch. (प्रत्येक छात्र को अपना दोपहर का भोजन लाना चाहिए।)
• Correct (Rephrased): All students should bring their own lunch. (सभी छात्रों को अपना दोपहर का भोजन लाना चाहिए।)
• Correct: The company increased its profits. (कंपनी ने अपना मुनाफा बढ़ाया।)
• Wrong: The company increased their profits. (कंपनी ने अपना मुनाफा बढ़ाया।)
2. Possessive Pronouns (अधिकारवाचक सर्वनाम):
• Definition: Show ownership (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its).
• Explanation (English): Do not precede a noun; stand alone.
• Explanation (Hindi): स्वामित्व दर्शाते हैं। ये किसी संज्ञा से पहले नहीं आते; अकेले खड़े होते हैं।
• Examples: That book is mine. (वह किताब मेरी है।) This house is theirs. (यह घर उनका है।)
• Rule: Do not use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns.
• Correct: The dog wagged its tail. (कुत्ते ने अपनी पूँछ हिलाई।)
• Wrong: The dog wagged it's tail. (कुत्ते ने अपनी पूँछ हिलाई।) ('It's' means 'it is' or 'it has')
3. Reflexive Pronouns (निजवाचक सर्वनाम) & Emphatic Pronouns (दबावसूचक सर्वनाम):
• Definition: End in -self (singular) or -selves (plural) (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves).
• Explanation (English):
• Reflexive: Used when the subject and object of a verb are the same.
• Emphatic: Used to add emphasis to a noun or pronoun.
• Explanation (Hindi): -self (एकवचन) या -selves (बहुवचन) में समाप्त होते हैं।
• निजवाचक: तब उपयोग किए जाते हैं जब क्रिया का कर्ता और कर्म समान हों।
• दबावसूचक: किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम पर जोर देने के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं।
• Key Rules:
• Rule A (Reflexive): The action is "reflected back" on the subject.
• Correct: He hurt himself. (उसने खुद को चोट पहुंचाई।)
• Wrong: He hurt him. (उसने उसे चोट पहुंचाई - अर्थ बदल जाता है।)
• Rule B (Emphatic): Can be removed from the sentence without changing its core meaning.
• Correct: The President himself attended the meeting. (राष्ट्रपति ने खुद बैठक में भाग लिया।)
• Wrong: The President attended the meeting himself. (यह सही है, लेकिन 'himself' का स्थान बदल गया है।) - Often, the emphatic pronoun is placed immediately after the noun/pronoun it emphasizes.
• Rule C (Common Error - Unnecessary Reflexive): Certain verbs are not followed by reflexive pronouns.

Interjection (विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द)

Definition (परिभाषा):
An interjection is a word, phrase, or sound that expresses a sudden or intense feeling, emotion, or reaction such as surprise, joy, sorrow, anger, approval, or pain. It is not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. Often, interjections stand alone and are followed by an exclamation mark (!) or sometimes a comma (,), especially when the emotion is mild.

(विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द वह शब्द, वाक्यांश या ध्वनि होती है जो अचानक उत्पन्न होने वाली तीव्र भावना, मनोभाव या प्रतिक्रिया को व्यक्त करता है, जैसे आश्चर्य, हर्ष, दुख, क्रोध, सराहना या पीड़ा। यह वाक्य के अन्य भागों से व्याकरणिक रूप से नहीं जुड़ा होता है। अक्सर यह वाक्य में अकेला प्रयुक्त होता है और इसके बाद विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न (!) या कभी-कभी अल्पविराम (,) आता है।)

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Key Characteristics (मुख्य विशेषताएँ):

1. Independent Use (स्वतंत्र प्रयोग):
   Interjections are usually not connected to the grammatical structure of a sentence.
• (विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द वाक्य की संरचना से स्वतंत्र होते हैं।)
2. Emotional Expression (भावनाओं की अभिव्यक्ति):
   They convey emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, excitement, surprise, etc.
• (ये शब्द खुशी, दुख, क्रोध, भय, उत्साह, आश्चर्य आदि को व्यक्त करते हैं।)
3. Punctuation (विराम चिह्न):
   They are typically followed by an exclamation mark (!) for strong emotion, or a comma (,) for mild emotion.
• (तीव्र भावना के लिए इनके बाद अक्सर विस्मयादिबोधक चिन्ह (!) आता है और हल्की भावना के लिए अल्पविराम (,) आता है।)
4. Position in Sentence (वाक्य में स्थान):
   Interjections can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence but they usually occur at the beginning.
• (ये सामान्यतः वाक्य के प्रारंभ में आते हैं लेकिन बीच या अंत में भी हो सकते हैं।)
5. Variety of Forms (रूपों की विविधता):
   They can be single words, short phrases, or sounds.
• (ये एक शब्द, छोटा वाक्यांश या ध्वनि के रूप में हो सकते हैं।)

Common Types of Interjections (विस्मयादिबोधक शब्दों के प्रकार):

Type	Emotion/Feeling	Example	Hindi Meaning
Joy (हर्ष)	Yay! Hurray!	Yay! We won the match!	वाह! हमने मैच जीत लिया!
Surprise (आश्चर्य)	Wow! Oh!	Wow! That's incredible!	वाह! यह तो अद्भुत है!
Pain (दर्द)	Ouch! Oh no!	Ouch! That really hurt.	अरे! बहुत दर्द हुआ।
Sorrow (शोक)	Alas! Oh dear!	Alas! He failed again.	अफसोस! वह फिर असफल हुआ।
Approval (स्वीकृति)	Bravo! Well done!	Bravo! You performed excellently.	शाबाश! आपने उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन किया।
Disgust (घृणा)	Ugh! Ew!	Ugh! That smells awful.	धिक्कार है! यह बदबूदार है।
Greeting (अभिवादन)	Hello! Hi!	Hi! How are you?	नमस्ते! आप कैसे हैं?
Calling Attention (ध्यान आकर्षित करना)	Hey! Look!	Hey! Watch out!	अरे! सावधान!

 

                                                        

 

Examples in Sentences (वाक्य में उदाहरण):

1. Wow! That’s an amazing goal.
   (वाह! यह अद्भुत गोल है।)
2. Ouch! That hurts.
   (ओह! दर्द हो रहा है।)
3. Alas! He failed the exam.
   (अफसोस! वह परीक्षा में असफल हो गया।)
4. Bravo! You did a great job.
   (शाबाश! आपने बहुत अच्छा कार्य किया।)
5. Oh, I didn’t see you there.
   (ओह, मैंने आपको वहाँ नहीं देखा।)
6. Well, I guess I’ll go now.
   (ठीक है, मुझे लगता है मैं अब जाऊँगा।)
7. Hurrah! We have completed the project!
   (वाह! हमने परियोजना पूरी कर ली!)
8. Hey! What are you doing there?
   (अरे! तुम वहाँ क्या कर रहे हो?)

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